Antigonea

Identity and location of AntigoneaDeep dive

Antigonea (Ancient Greek: Ἀντιγόνεια; also transliterated as Antigonia or Antigoneia) was an ancient Greek city in the region of Chaonia, within Epirus. It functioned as the chief inland city of the ancient Chaonians. The site lies just south of the modern village of Saraqinisht in Gjirokastër County, Albania, and has been designated a National Archaeological Park.

The city was positioned at approximately 600 metres above sea level on an almost impregnable hill overlooking the settlements of the Drino valley below. This elevated position gave it command over access routes through the surrounding mountains and towards the sea, making it a strategically important centre for the region.

Foundation and naming of the cityDeep dive

Antigonea was founded in the 3rd century BC. Two founders have been proposed, and the matter remains uncertain. It may have been founded by Antigonus II Gonatas, but scholarly opinion leans more toward Pyrrhus of Epirus as the more probable founder.

If Pyrrhus founded the city, the name would derive from one of his wives, Antigone, who was the daughter of Berenice I and the step-daughter of Ptolemy I of Egypt. The personal connection to the Ptolemaic dynasty through his wife would thus account for the city's name under this interpretation.

Antigonea in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCDeep dive

The city appears in the historical record as early as 230 BC, when the straits near Antigonea were the passage used by a force of Illyrians under the command of Scerdilaidas, who passed the city on their way to join an invading army further to the south.

In 198 BC, during the Second Macedonian War, Roman forces marched against the Macedonian armies of Philip V. A Macedonian general named Athenagoras occupied one of the nearby passes and temporarily held the Romans back. Peace negotiations were initially considered, but several shepherds acting as traitors guided the Romans around the Macedonian position. The Romans subsequently surrounded and destroyed a Macedonian force of 2,000 men.

Antigonea had aligned itself with the Macedonian side in this conflict. As a consequence, when Roman forces under Consul Aemilius Paullus achieved final victory over the Macedonians in 167 BC, he ordered 70 towns in Epirus to be set on fire. Antigonea was among those destroyed and was never rebuilt.

Ancient written sources on AntigoneaDeep dive

Antigonea is recorded in the works of several ancient authors. These include the historian Polybius, the Roman historian Livy, the encyclopaedist Pliny the Elder, and the geographer Ptolemy. Their references collectively establish the city's significance within the ancient world and provide the principal textual basis for its historical reconstruction alongside archaeological evidence.

The early Christian church and later occupationDeep dive

A church discovered at the site provides evidence that the city, though destroyed by Rome in 167 BC, retained some form of occupation or renewed use into the early Christian period. The church is of triconch form and features a mosaic floor. The mosaic contains a depiction described as a strange illustration of a human figure with an animal head, interpreted as resembling either the Egyptian god Anubis or Saint Christopher. A Greek emblem is also present in the floor decoration.

The church appears to represent the last structure built at ancient Antigonea. It was destroyed during Slavic assaults in the 6th century AD, which marks the effective end of identifiable activity at the site.

The city walls and gatesDeep dive

The most prominent surviving physical feature of Antigonea is its circuit of walls, which originally encircled the entire hill. The Romans demolished these walls following their destruction of the city in 167 BC. Despite this, significant sections remain identifiable.

The most clearly visible gate in the wall circuit is located at the south-western portion of the city. The southern end of the city retains the best-preserved section of the walls. This wall section terminates at the small early Christian church of triconch form described separately. The wall line as it survives allows the overall extent of the ancient city's fortified perimeter to be traced.

Urban plan and acropolisDeep dive

The city centre of Antigonea was constructed according to an orthogonal layout, also known as the Hippodamian plan, on the central hill. An entire ancient street from this grid has been exposed through excavation, giving a direct indication of the planned character of the urban core.

The acropolis of Antigonea was situated on the northern hill, separate from the central hill on which the main urban grid was laid out. This division between the civic centre and the elevated acropolis is consistent with the planning conventions of ancient Greek city foundations.

Archaeological finds and artefactsDeep dive

Excavation of the site has yielded a range of significant artefacts. Among the most notable are a bronze sphinx and a statue of Poseidon, both of which are currently exhibited in Tirana. Evidence of pottery has also been found across the city, and this distribution is taken as an indicator of the city's size at its peak.

The presence of the mosaic floor in the early Christian church, with its figurative imagery, constitutes a further category of material evidence. Taken together, these finds span the city's history from its foundation through to its use in the early Christian period before final destruction in the 6th century AD.

Excavation and research historyDeep dive

The ancient town was identified and first excavated by the Albanian archaeologist Dhimosten Budina. His work established the site's identity and initiated systematic study of its remains.

More recently, an Albanian-Greek team of archaeologists has continued work at the site. This collaborative effort represents the current phase of scholarly investigation into Antigonea's layout, material culture, and historical development.

Antigonea's place in the Chaonian and Epirote worldDeep dive

As the chief inland city of the ancient Chaonians, Antigonea occupied a central role within the sub-region of Chaonia in Epirus. Its position controlling the Drino valley and mountain passes gave it economic and military significance beyond its immediate hinterland. The city's alignment with Macedon during the Second Macedonian War reflects the political entanglements of Epirote communities in the wider conflicts of the Hellenistic world.

The city's destruction by Aemilius Paullus in 167 BC, as one of 70 Epirote towns burned on his orders, was part of a deliberate Roman policy of punishment directed at communities that had supported Macedon. The fact that Antigonea was never rebuilt distinguishes its fate from settlements that recovered after Roman intervention elsewhere in the Greek world.