Why Albania Is Full of Bunkers

The logic behind them

By the late 1960s communist Albania had broken with Yugoslavia (1948), the Soviet Union (1961) and was heading towards a break with China (1978). Enver Hoxha's government concluded that Albania could be attacked by any of them, or by NATO, and that defence had to be total and territorial.

The answer was 'bunkerisation': a programme of small concrete firing positions distributed across the entire country so that any invader would face resistance everywhere.

How many, and what they cost

The figure most often cited is about 173,000. The true number is disputed and no fully reliable count exists. What is not disputed is the cost: the programme consumed enormous quantities of concrete and steel in a country that was short of both, at the expense of housing and infrastructure.

What they are now

Most are still there — too solid and too numerous to remove economically. Some have been converted into cafés, storage, animal shelters and, in two cases, into the Bunk'Art museums in Tirana. Others sit on beaches and in fields exactly as they were left.

They have become the most recognisable physical symbol of the communist period, which is a kind of irony given they were built to be invisible.