Albania's Ancient Civilisations

The Illyrians

Groups of Indo-European-speaking peoples across the western Balkans from around 1100 BC. They had kingdoms, hill cities like Byllis and Amantia, and a maritime reputation that Rome described as piracy. Rome defeated King Gentius at Shkodra in 168 BC.

Whether modern Albanians descend from the Illyrians is a genuinely open scholarly question, widely asserted and not fully settled.

The Greek colonies

Corinth and Corcyra founded Epidamnos, now Durrës, in 627 BC, and Apollonia in 588 BC. These were substantial trading cities with theatres, temples and their own coinage. Butrint and Orikum were also Greek foundations.

Rome

After 168 BC the region became Roman Illyricum. Rome's decisive contribution was the Via Egnatia, the road that began at Durrës and Apollonia and ran east to Byzantium, making this coast the gateway between Italy and the eastern empire for a thousand years.

The amphitheatre at Durrës, the largest in the Balkans, dates from this period.

After Rome

When the Roman Empire was divided in 395, this coast fell to the eastern half, and for most of the next eight centuries it was Byzantine territory — contested by Goths, then by Slavs and Bulgarians from the 6th century onward, and later by Normans from southern Italy, who besieged Durrës in 1081.

The name of the people appears in this period. Ptolemy's geography in the 2nd century AD already mentions a tribe called the Albanoi and a town, Albanopolis, in the hills east of Durrës, and Byzantine writers of the 11th century speak of the Arbanitai. The first Albanian state, the Principality of Arbanon around Krujë, emerged in 1190; in 1272 Charles of Anjou proclaimed a 'Kingdom of Albania' on the coast, and Serbian, Venetian and local lords fought over the land until the Ottoman conquest.

How the ancient past was rediscovered

Systematic archaeology here began in the 1920s, with a French mission at Apollonia and an Italian one at Butrint. Under communism archaeology became a national project: the regime funded digs across the country and promoted the Illyrians as proof of an unbroken Albanian presence, an argument that still colours the debate. Since 1991 foreign teams have returned, often working alongside the Albanian Institute of Archaeology.

Where to see it

Butrint, Apollonia, Byllis, Antigonea, Amantia and the Durrës amphitheatre — all covered in detail on their own pages in this Atlas.